Me'yar معیار

Absurdism in Franz Kafka's Fiction

Rubina Shaheen — Wed, 24 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0500

The Absurdist movement did not formally exist, but the term is applied to playwrights and their works who presented a pessimistic view of humanity as a futile struggle to find purpose and control its fate. In this view, mankind is depicted as hopeless, troubled, and anxious. Many literary critics consider the origins of modern absurdist fiction to be from Albert Camus's 1942 novel "The Stranger" and his philosophical essay "The Myth of Sisyphus". However, modern absurdism begins with Franz Kafka's "The Metamorphosis". He is called the "King of the Absurd" and the founder of the Absurdist movement. According to Camus, the tension between the conflict of purpose and the impossibility of achieving it is the key point of absurdism. Disillusionment with society, lack of reaction to strange situations, dull perceptions, and the illusion of freedom and control in the cyclical meaninglessness of life are all concepts that exist in Camus's absurd universe. These situations are clearly shown in Franz Kafka's works "The Metamorphosis", "A Hunger Artist", "The Castle", "The Message of the Dead Emperor", "The Horseman", "A Country Doctor", "A Report to an Academy", "A View from the Balcony of the Circus", "The Murder of My Brother", etc. Franz Kafka's heroes are born from confusion when the ordered universe turns to chaos. This anonymity helps Kafka build an inevitable chaos around his heroes.

Wasif Ali Wasif’s Concept of Love

Dr. Arshad Ovaisi, Hafiza Ayesha Saddiqa — Wed, 24 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0500

Wasif Ali Wasif’s love is not superficial but it is Mystical. His heart was filled with real love. It Can be shown in his teachings . His prose and poetry Has the feelings of love for The creator and His creations . he can understand the meaning of life And also tells how to live the life according to Allah’s Will. He has great love for Holy prophet SAW , as he Considered his love is mandatory to be successful And trighteous . he tells different ways ,how to love Human beings , as humanity is above all. In this article An attempt is made to portray wasif Ali wasif ‘s concept of love.

A Introductory study of Molawi Muhammad Shafi and Masnawi Wamiq'o'Azra

Zahid Hamayoun — Wed, 24 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0500

Molawi Muhammad Shafi', a credible name in Urdu research , criticism and compilation .He introduced rare manuscripts of Urdu poetry and literature. There is a long list of his research work and compilations. Masnawi,(A narrative poem) Wamiq 'o' Azra, a precious manuscript has been introduced by Molawi Muhammad Shafi'. He compiled several rare manuscripts of this masnavi and analyzed their differences. This is a prime example of his research-oriented and critically significant . It is a precious addition in Urdu literature.

STYLISTIC STUDY OF REPORTAGE “CHEHRE AUR MOHRE”

Shahbaz Hussain — Wed, 24 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0500

This article presents a stylistic study of Masood Mufti’s renowned reportage ‘CHEHRE AUR MOHRE’, a work that records the historical and emotional realities of the Fall of Dhaka in 1971. Masood Mufti, a distinguished Pakistani civil servant and writer, is widely recognized for his bold expression, critical insight, and literary craftsmanship. In ‘CHEHRE AUR MOHRE’, he documents his personal observations of the political collapse, military operations, and human suffering that accompanied the disintegration of Pakistan. Unlike conventional historical accounts, Mufti’s reportage blends factual narration with a highly literary diction, offering a unique stylistic fusion of journalism and literature. This paper analyzes the author’s stylistic choices, such as the use of metaphorical imagery, poetic rhythm, and carefully chosen Persian, Arabic, and English vocabulary, which enrich the narrative texture of the text. His objective tone, combined with vivid descriptions and emotional intensity, reveals a style that is both realistic and artistic. Furthermore, the study situates the reportage within the broader tradition of Urdu reportage writing, highlighting how Mufti redefined the genre by merging eyewitness testimony with literary aesthetics. Ultimately, this reportage emerges not only as a historical testimony but also as a stylistic masterpiece that reflects Mufti’s literary genius and his ability

to transform national tragedy into enduring art.

Qawwali and Carnival: Exploring Bakhtin’s Concept in a South Asian Context

Aqdas Hashmi — Wed, 24 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0500

Qawwali is a South Asian traditional Sufi music which is presented with the collaboration of poetry, rhythm and composition. Its purpose is to create spiritual peace and to bring people closer to God. This study encompasses the art of Qawwali and its social and cultural components within the realm of Mikhael Bakhtin’s concept of Carnivalesque. According to Bakhtin, carnival is not just a joyous event but also a different way of living where authority is subverted by laughter, social boundaries are blurred, and the body is embraced. Bakhtin's observations are applied to the South Asian custom of Sufi Qawwali in this article. The article makes the case that qawwali is a carnivalesque practice by looking at themes like intoxication, tavern imagery, group participation, bodily ecstasy, humor, and festive spirituality. It is a kind of culture that gives people a "second life" a place of spiritual happiness, equality, and freedom from conventional constraints. By employing this comparative analysis, the paper highlights the distinctive role of qawwali in South Asian cultural and religious life while also demonstrating the theory's wider applicability outside of its European context.