Me'yar معیار

جرس غنچہ اور مابعد کے افسانوں میں اسلوب اور تکنیک کا تنوع

2023-11-08T07:32:37+05:00

Dr. Saleem Akhtar's (1934.2018) creative life has three main dimensions that is Criticism, Psychology and Fiction. In Fiction his short stories were published under the collective title of Nargis our Cactus in 2004. This publication includes the five short stories aggregates of his creative art i.e Karvey Badaam, Kath Ki Aurteen, Muthi Bhar Sannp, Chalees Minit Ke Aurat and Aadhy Rat Ki Makhlooq. While the sixth short stories collection was published in 2012 named as Jaras_e_Ghuncha.

Twelve short stories published in various magazines after Jaras_e_Ghuncha.In Jaras_e_Ghuncha and afterwards short stories Dr. Saleem Akhtar used various styles and different techniques such as narrative , symbolic, descriptive and dialogue etc.

This article is an attempt to search different styles and techniques in Jaras_e_Ghuncha and tweleve afterwards short stories.

بدھ مت، غالبؔ اور تصور ہست و نیست

2023-12-05T05:09:36+05:00

The popularity and influence of Gautama Buddha's thoughts and philosophy are not limited only to his followers but have also reached various fields of knowledge, including creative artists and philosophers who draw inspiration from them. A significant example of this can be found in Urdu literature, particularly in the work of classic poet Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib.

Ghalib was nurtured in a society where the roots of society were connected to Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Islam, and Sikhism. As a sensitive poet, he was influenced by the fundamental intellectual concepts of that society. The purpose of this proposed research is not solely to prove Ghalib as a follower of Buddhism, but to prove that Ghalib's era existed in the presence of those intellectual concepts and that he did not show any inclination to disregard them.

This research merely focusses on conducting a hermeneutical analysis on the concepts of being and non-being in the works of Ghalib and Buddha.

Gautama Buddha and Ghalib, both perceive existence and nonexistence in terms of dependent origination. In their view, anything that has existence is material, and matter is inherently impermanent and transient. The absence of nonexistence is necessary for existence. They both question the true nature of external entities.Ghalib and Gautama Buddha both adhere to the perpetual cycle of existence and nonexistence.

Both Ghalib and Gautama Buddha are fully acquainted with philosophical theories such as being in the world, being for itself, being in itself, emptiness, nothingness, pure being, and nihilism.

اردو نعتیہ شاعری پر ترقی پسند شعرا کے توانا رجحانات

2023-11-07T16:01:24+05:00

In 1935 all the writers of the world gathered in Paris to favour the labourers and established the movement for progressive writers. This movement has got popularity in Hindustan very quickly. Great poets like Praimchand, Majnun Gorakhpuri, Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi, Faiz Ahmed Faiz and Sahir Ludhianvi have also supported this movement and its literature. Realism got a new exposure; sexual affairs has been exposed. Lyrics are not liked. The literature, which is created under the progressive movement, it has great impact of the progressive ideology. This movement represented life and atmosphere by giving an important objective of literature for public welfare. Religious, ethics and spirituality have also been criticized. But some poets have not accepted this trend of religious opponent for example Rawish Siddiqui, Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi, Ehsan Danish and Arif Abdul Mateen. They promoted Na’at in thematic and stylish way through their creative experiences. Whatever motives exists in Na’at of progressive poets, but we cannot deny this reality that they have created quality Na’at technically and represented in very effective way, some aspects of character and personality of Hazrat Muhammad (صلیٰ اللہ علیہ وسلم) according to references and problems of present age. They composed the element of eternal grief and external affliction in Na’at poetry through their enlightening power. Through their similes, metaphor, and symbols they gave a great strength to the new trends in Na'at poetry. If we put aside the ideological biasness and study Na’at and progressive poets deeply, we cannot deny their strong tendency that exist in Na’at poetry.

ٹوبہ ٹیک سنگھ۔۔۔۔۔ ذولسانی تجزیہ

2023-11-08T09:18:54+05:00

Saadat Hassan Manto is one of the greatest Urdu short story writer of the twentieth century in the Indo Pakistan sub-continent. Born in the colonial period, his literary pursuits reflect the culture, customs, language and traditions of the prevalent society. Manto has the singular honour of being renowned short story writer of colonial as well as postcolonial period. Homi K. Bhabha is a well-known postcolonial theorist and has extensively dilated his concepts of Mimicry, Ambivalence and Hybridity etc. Manto;s legendary short story Toba Tek Singh has been previously analyzed from diverse and multiple perspectives of socio-economic, cultural, historical, identity aspects etc In this article an endeavour has been made to analyze this short story under the lens of theory of Bhabha s Mimicry, Ambivalence and Hybridity thus exploring yet another dimension of Manto;s literary works. This is a new vista of critique from Bhabha theory and bi-lingual analysis which further enhances significance of this article.

نوآبادیاتی وکٹوریائی تصورِ اخلاق

2023-11-07T16:20:24+05:00

The Victorian era is associated with Queen Victoria who was a prolonged monarchy from 1837 to 1901.The Victorian Age reveals a very interesting and complex combination of two opposing elements - classicism and romanticism. The Vibrant temperament of the era is reflected throughout the entire period and manifests itself freely in Victorian literature as the development of science, geographical expansion, rapid economic change, the vitality of so many revolutions, unevenness, seriousness of tone, concreteness, and particularity, Faith in the reality, doubt, reasoning, skepticism, questioning.

امراؤ جانِ ادا کے پلاٹ کی پیچیدگیوں کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ

2023-11-07T16:29:49+05:00

"Umrao Jaan Ada" is a renowned Urdu novel written by Mirza Haadi Ruswa and published in 1899. The novel is considered a masterpiece of Urdu literature, known for its vivid portrayal of the cultural and social milieu of 19th century Lucknow, India.Set against the backdrop of 19th century Lucknow, the novel provides insight into the Nawabi culture, the decline of the Mughal Empire, and the evolving social dynamics of the time."Umrao Jaan Ada" delves into themes of resilience, identity, and the power of art to transcend societal limitations. The protagonist's journey offers a glimpse into the struggles faced by women in a patriarchal society and emphasizes the multifaceted nature of her character. The novel's ensuing appeal has led to numerous adaptations in various forms of media, solidifying its status as a timeless work that continues to capture the hearts of readers and audiences worldwide

اطلاعیات میں اردو کمپوز کاری کی اہمیت: ایک جائزہ

2023-11-08T07:52:43+05:00

Information technology has assumed a unique position in the present era. Its necessity and importance in all spheres of life cannot be denied. Therefore, information technology is fundamental in terms of language development. The main reason for this is that the scholar doing research on any topic has direct contact with it. As one has to go through the stages of composing and formatting to publish one's research, thus Urdu composition has become an important topic in communications, but more research is needed on this topic. As soon as we do research on it, it will become easier for us in this field and the paths of research will be paved. Therefore, the above-mentioned subject is not only an important subject, but it is in accordance with the requirements of the modern age, on which there is a definite need for research.

منشایاد کا افسانوی اسلوب۔ ایک جائزہ

2023-11-20T06:59:02+05:00

Urdu fiction has taken multiple turns during its vast and eclectic history. From progressive to spiritual and from western to linguistic detailings, Urdu fiction has demonstrated its versatility in every era. Mansha Yaad was a prolific fiction writer of the late twentieth century who, through his detailed and imaginative writings painted a vivid portrait of our society. Yaad’s writing style, his characters and his plots showed him not only as a champion of the downtrodden masses but he also left an unequivocal mark on contemporary Urdu literature. Influences of rural, political, religious, social and economic history is clear in his stories which makes him relevant and celebrated to this very day. His usage of symbolic, metaphorical and stream of consciousness techniques, his literary sensibilities, humane artistry and hyper awareness of rural issue enables him to transcends the prison of time and place and makes him universal to all generations.

اردو زبان میں رائج فارسی محاورے: ایک تجزیاتی مطالعہ

2023-11-14T09:33:29+05:00

In any language wisdom is usually described with the help of idioms and proverbs that is why proverbs are very important in any particular language. Because these idioms and proverbs reflect depth of that language. Persian language which was the official and court language of this region for centuries. People of this region accepted this language in such a way that as this language has always been their own language .For example there are so many Persian idioms and proverbs used in Urdu language have been invented by the people of this region.As a proof we can say that people of subcontinent have been given a place in their minds and hearts in such a way that despite the effort of British they couldn’t completely remove this language from veins of people .In this article an attempt has been made to present some idioms and proverbs with their meanings to the readers which came into existence in this region and remained in use by the people.

ادبی متون کی ڈرامائی تشکیل کا تنقیدی جائزہ: عمیرہ احمد کے ناولٹ ’میری ذات ذرہ بے نشان‘ کے تناظر میں

2023-11-14T09:31:38+05:00

The tradition of dramatization of literary texts began with the theatre. Later on dramatization of many stage plays were aired through radio platform as well. The process of dramatization of literary texts on television has been ongoing since the beginning of this broadcasting institution. Television dramatists have exactly interpreted the original texts by talking the main idea of the story just as a reference and have made dramatic changes in the events, moods of the characters and the overall atmosphere. The dramatization of literary texts becomes only possible through the vision of the playwright or the director. Among the popular writers whose literary works are being dramatized in the present era, the name of Umaira Ahmed is at the top of the list. Fifteen of her novels have been adapted into plays so far. An important aspect of the research and critical study of the dramatic structure of literary texts is based on the application of the theory of adaptation. Under the same framework, Umaira Ahmed's novel "Meri Zaat Zarra Bay Nishan" and the drama broadcasted with the same title on Geo Tv would be critically evaluated. In this paper, while critically evaluating the text and sources, it will be seen that what changes have taken place in the context of the novel's text, characters and other aspects during the dramatic creation. It is also important to understand that despite borrowing the story and main characters of the novelette, what and why the playwright deviated from the theme of the novelette. It will also be seen that this deviation is only at a single point or innovation or change was necessary in several respects to explain the drama theme while maintaining the story of the novelette. It will also be examined that despite this fundamental change in the text, why the borrowing and intersecting framework can be applied to this?

سقوط ڈھاکہ کے تناظر میں مسعود مفتی اور صدیق سالک کی غیر افسانوی نثر کا تقابلی جائزہ

2023-11-13T08:25:22+05:00

The “Fall of Dhaka”, which transpired on December 16, 1971was an unforgettable moment in the history of South Asia.A lot of fictional and non-fictional literature was created on this tragedy.Masood Mufti(Minister of Education) and Siddique Salik's(as Major ISPR) non-fictional prose presents the correct perspective of political, economical, psychological, military and educational discepts regarding the Fall of Dhaka.The scribings of Masood Mufti (لمحے،ہم نفس، چہرے اور مہرے) and Siddique Salik (میں نے ڈھاکہ ڈوبتے دیکھا، ہمہ یاراں دوزخ ،سیلوٹ) presents the correct facts about segregation through their theorems. The theories have prominent political figures (Sheikh Mujeeb, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Yahya Khan and General Niazi etc). The major points of the writings are about the political strife, Desperate attempts for polical positions, poor education system, more than 90% Hindu teachers inculcate racism in Bengalis, anti national elements, unequalised behaviour of west Pakistan, militiary missests, civil war, cruelty, suurendry, imprisonment, accountability and other bras tacks.The paper presents a comparitive study of both writers theories on the above mentioned subparts of the topic.

صنف رباعی اور رباعیات شمس الرحمن فاروقی: اجمالی جائزہ

2023-11-07T18:33:38+05:00

Shamsur Rahman Farooqi is a shining star of Urdu literature who carved his own path in research and criticism and walked on it so successfully that the destination itself became the anklet of his feet. Shamsur Rahman Farooqi has written and discussed all genres and styles of Urdu literature. Shamsur Rahman Farooqui was a critic as well as a creator. As a poet, his status has been anonymous, and his personality is more involved. In this paper, an attempt has been made to explore the creative aspects of Shamsur Rahman Farooqui as a poet. Azhar Al-Shams is the interest of Farooqi Sahib in the genre of quartet. The evolutionary journey of Rabi covers thousands of years. Shamsur Rahman Farooqi preferred Rabai over ghazals, poems, and verses. This paper contains a critical review of Shamsur Rahman Farooqi's Rabai'at, which tries to determine the role of Shamsur Rahman Farooqi in the evolution and development of the genre of Rabai.

۱۹۴۷ سے قبل تحریر کردہ اردو آپ بیتیوں میں برطانوی استعمار کا مابعد نو آبادیاتی مطالعہ

2023-11-23T06:55:04+05:00

Any writing is a reflection of contemporary era and society. Writers describe the real facts about society through so many artistic devices. There have been so many studies about colonialism and post clonialism. Actually colonialism was depicted in all jeners of literature. Especially autobiographies written before the establishment of Pakistan are valuable record of the condition which the colonies encounter. Autobiographies shows all the forms of exploitation, humiliations and despotism by the colonizer. In this article writer analyses the deep rooted elements of political dependence of colonizer, his policies to sustain the colonialism by all means. In the context of colonialism in India by British Empire, this article elaborates the educational policies of English colonizers in the name of enlightenment but actually these educational reforms converted the India to illiterate Nation

گیت اور قومی گیت میں امتیاز کے مباحث

2023-11-08T07:37:53+05:00

Geet or song is a main genre of poetry.Whereas national song is part of it Urdu poetry is replete with different subjects and colour while national song carry limited subjects like patriotism, loyalty and national issues. Songs are all about sentiments, catharsis and personal experiences one expresses spontaneously all his emotions through, concepts and ideas of nation. Urdu song is influenced by Hindi culture and civilisationand one can find plenty of Hindi words in urdu Geet,however, National songs inspired by Islamic culture and philosophy, carry the words chosen from Islamic dictionary.

میر کے شکار نامے: ایک جہان دیگر(ماحولیاتی تنقیدی مطالعہ)

2023-11-07T18:30:30+05:00

The critical discourse established in urdu on the poetry of Meer
Taqi Meer gave more impotance to his ghazal and paid less
attention to his 'Masnaviat' especially his 'Shikar nama'.This is
the reaon why Meer's concept of love and cocept of sorrow was
discused more,but concept of nature and his unique relationship
with nature remained out of sight.These poems tells the hunting
story of Nawab Asif ud dola of Luknow with whome Meer
travelled to the forests of district Behraich and Peli bhet,where
he firstly experienced the real nature very closely.so that he
presented the entire and very true picture of nature in these
poems.These poems are everfirst poetic expression of true nature
and fantastic example of wilderness writting and pastoralism in
urdu poetry.This unique style of poetry also reveals his
ecological conciousness.The article presents an ecolgical study
of these poems.

علی احمد کے اسٹیج ڈراموں کا تحقیقی و تنقیدی جائزہ

2023-12-05T01:27:02+05:00

Based on the important topic of stage dramaturgy, this paper presents a research and critical review of two stage plays of the well-known stage dramatist and director Ali Ahmed. Apart from dramatization, he was well aware of the technical needs and problems of the stage, so keeping them in mind, he established a new tradition by staging plays based on low cost and more entertainment. Ali Ahmed has criticized social class division, hypocrisy, injustice, flattery and outdated traditions in a humorous way. Thus he has established a strong tradition of comic stage drama for the ages to come.

اردو زبان: چند معروضات

2023-11-13T08:29:32+05:00

Urdu is our national language and is of multifaceted importance in which the national, religious, art and educational status and importance is more prominent. This is also the history of the Muslims of the subcontinent and is also the guardian of civilization and culture. Our cultural heritage is safe in the Urdu language. This civilization and culture, customs, beliefs, faith, creative art, literature and theology preserves it for future generation. Therefore, it is important not only to protect the Urdu language, but also to promote it. An attempt has been made in this article to clarify the need and importance of Urdu language in this regard.

سعادت حسن منٹو بطور سماجی حقیقت نگار

2023-11-13T08:21:14+05:00

Manto is one of the greatest short story writers. He is well known for his controversial and thought provoking writings. Manto believes that Art is a reflection of life. He didn't believe in the so called set literary norms of that time. He never dilutes the truth, bravely operates with his pen like a experts surgeon, he cut and shows all the hidden and bitter truth of society. He wrote on socially taboo topics like sex and prostitution. He was deeply affected by the reality of socio-political structure and communal and regional divide of the time so he rebelled against the law and norms of the society in his writings and faced all the legal consequences in his time. In this research paper we shall try to see the different shades and phase of his life in his writing.

نالہ شب گیر اور ذوقی کا تصور تانیثیت

2023-11-20T07:09:40+05:00

Feminism has been so obscured in Urdu literature that it is difficult to understand its original concept. Generally, two ideas are more common among us, one is to create stories of exploitation of women, to cry about their unemployment and helplessness, and the other idea is to create a character that is against the whole society. Who, by overturning the entire system, seeks an imaginary world whose end ends in his own exploitation.

Musharraf Alam Zoqi is one of those novelists who feel the revolutions, changes and changes in the social system of his era not only at the literary level, but his pen also knows how to put these new situations into words. The novel under review is one such writing in which two characters compare the changes in society and the problems faced by women. In the novel, both the characters are looking for a place of honor in the society to maintain their identity, on which the layers of outdated customs and traditions have been imposed. Naheed Naz's character begins with exploitation and ends with exploitation because she rejects the entire system of this society. While Sophia's character is a victim of the changing social power, despite this, she remains within her social boundaries. It proves its importance even while living.

نئی استعمارات اور معاصر میڈیائی ثقافت: ایک علمیاتی و ادبی تناظر

2023-11-08T08:06:46+05:00

Literal sociology discusses a society in the light of literary text and likewise the literary content in the perspective of social environment. Such research paradigm has been in vogue since Platonic times. Now a days, modern media is playing a vital role in knitting the socio-cultural texture of neo-imperialistic societies like ours.It is used for injecting shoping-addiction, promoting media consumerism and managing cultural trnformation for strengthening imperialistic penetration in neo-colonised nations but at the same time it assists to abolish the imperialistic exploitation of such neo-colonies and semi colonies also.Literary texts are the index of all such socio-political factors and hence, there is a dire need to study it so that we may properly judge the new environment and act accordingly. In this article, an attempt has been made to study the virtual world of ours in the light of some literary, co-literary and religious content.

عہد حاضر میں تدریس اقبال کی اہمیت و ضرورت

2023-12-26T05:24:12+05:00

Allama Iqbal forwarded the national ideology of Sir Syed and united the Muslim nation under flag with crescent and showed the south Asian Muslims the way to make a separate homeland. They, after a profound study of ancient and modern philosophies, gave the Muslim nation awareness of altitude of self and philosophy of oneself. His other philosophies contain scarcity and affluence, love and wisdom, a perfect man and most importantly study and teaching. We can be successful by following his thoughts and teachings. Allama Iabal is against the western system of education since it is based on the accumulation of wealth whereas Iqbal teaches stoic resignation. In recent times, there is more need to teach the books of Iqbal since the world has yet again to fight the battle between spirit and body. His teachings are based on courage, fearlessness, freedom and mobility. If we act upon his teachings, we can redeem ourselves of the world of conflict and include us in the developed nations of the world. This is the summary of Iqbal’s teachings. Hence, following the teachings of Iqbal is inevitable for all of us.

معاصر بلوچستانی نظم میں شعری آہنگ کی متغیر اشکال

2023-12-06T05:10:50+05:00

In Urdu poetry, the theme of rhythm (Ahang) is highlighted very briefly under the umbrella of metre (Urooz) however a serious and detailed study of this poetic element has not been seen so far. In both respects, couplet and poem, rhythm is a basic component of poetry. In this paper, an attempt has been made to separate rhythm from metre, further its different forms have been devised and in the discussion on these forms, an attempt has been made to raise the point that how a serious study of rhythm leads to addition in the meanings in the poem. Especially in the contemporary Baluchistan’s poem, rhythm is included as an X-factor, which can be clearly exhibited in the poems of the poets of the region.

میر کی شاعری میں دل کی علامتی حیثیت

2023-12-02T15:14:13+05:00

Mir Taqi Mir's being the most prominent classical Urdu poet posess a pivotal place among all other Urdu poets. He has been admired in almost every period of the Urdu poetry, especially in the field of “Gazal”, like all other poets, Meer has also used a vast field of symbols in his poetry. Among them the symbol of “Heart” is the most visible and the dominant symbol in his poetry. Being a skimmer of the world of the Tasawwuf, the symbol of “Heart” becomes more and more important for him. This article describes his symbolism with respesct to human heart and explains various aspects of his “Heart’s Symbolism”.