Yildirim, Onur. “Transformation of the Craft Guilds in Istanbul (1650–1860)”. Islamic Studies 40, no. 1 (March 31, 2001): 49–66. Accessed February 20, 2026. http://irigs.iiu.edu.pk:64447/ojs/index.php/islamicstudies/article/view/5047.