Bello, I. A. . (1984) “THE ṢAFAVID EPISODE: : TRANSITION FROM SPIRTUAL TO TEMPORAL LEADERS ”, Islamic Studies, 23(01), pp. 1–19. Available at: http://irigs.iiu.edu.pk:64447/ojs/index.php/islamicstudies/article/view/5883 (Accessed: 6December2025).