AFZAAL, A. The Origin of Islam as a Social Movement. Islamic Studies, [S. l.], v. 42, n. 2, p. 203–243, 2003. DOI: 10.52541/isiri.v42i2.4813. Disponível em: http://irigs.iiu.edu.pk:64447/ojs/index.php/islamicstudies/article/view/4813. Acesso em: 6 dec. 2025.