FIKR-O NAZAR فکر ونظر

کرپٹو کرنسی کے جواز وعدم جواز کے متعلق اہل علم وافتا کی آرا کا تجزیاتی وتنقیدی مطالعہ

Muhammad Bilal Berberi — 2025-12-02

In the Muslim world, there exist two opinions regarding crypto-currency. The majority of the Muslim scholars is of the opinion that crypto-currency is not Shari’ah compliant and therefore the matters related to it are impermissible and hara̅m while the other group of scholars see crypto-currency, either as an asset or a type currency, which is Shari’ah compliant with certain conditions and restrictions and therefore, according to them, the matters associated with it are permissible and hala̅l. This disagreement among scholars leads to a general hesitation among Muslim community worldwide about acquiring and dealing with crypto-currency. However, remaining isolated and unconcerned from such a contemporary, vast and ever-growing capital market is not good for the Muslims in particular and for the global economy in general. There is a persistent need of a consensus through discussion and serious consideration of the arguments presented from both sides. The paper under review is one such attempt. In this paper, the arguments presented by the proponents and opponents of crypto-currency have been analyzed in the light of Shariah principles as elaborated in fiqh al-mu’a̅mla̅t.

After introducing the subject in the first section, I discuss the opinions of economists and Sharia jurists about the characteristics of ma̅l and money along with their definitions. The third section defines the terminologies related to crypto-currency/coin/token, familiarity with which is essential for understanding the topic, followed by the different purposes of crypto-currency, kinds of crypto assets and the ways those are traded in the markets. The fourth section outlines the arguments of those scholars who question the legitimacy of the crypto-currencies followed by the arguments in the fifth section from the scholars who consider these currencies as legitimate. In the sixth section, I present a point-by-point critical and analytical discussion in the form of questions on the arguments from both sides, while the summary of the paper along with conclusive remarks are covered in last section.

اسلامی قانون میں عدالتی فیصلوں کی پابندی لازم ہونے کی شرائط

Nazir-ul-Hasan Gilani — 2025-12-02

This article provides a rigorous juristic examination of the essential conditions that render judicial rulings binding and enforceable under Islamic law. Drawing upon the Qur’an, the Sunnah, and the authoritative positions of classical jurists, the study systematizes the criteria that ensure both the legitimacy and finality of judicial decisions in an Islamic legal system. These criteria include: the valid state-sanctioned appointment of the judge; the judge’s fulfillment of moral, intellectual, and procedural qualifications; the requirement that judicial rulings remain fully aligned with the Qur’an, Prophetic Sunnah, and juristic consensus; the necessity of a formally submitted claim in matters pertaining to ḥuqūq al-ʿibād; the court’s adherence to its jurisdictional limits; the clarity and unambiguity of judicial formulations; the employment of linguistic structures that impose legal obligation; and, according to the Ḥanafī school, the physical presence of the defendant during adjudication except in limited exceptions. The article also explores debates regarding judgments issued in absentia, the interpretive significance of judicial phrasing, and the legal status of qaḍāʾ al-taḥkīm. Through this analytical framework, the study demonstrates how these conditions collectively safeguard justice, uphold procedural integrity, and maintain social order within the Islamic judiciary.

سرکاری ملازم کے لیے سرکاری رہائش اور ہاؤس رینٹ کا استحقاق: وفاقی شرعی عدالت کے فیصلہ کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ

Abdul Majeed — 2025-12-02

The Federal Shariat Court of Pakistan serves as a significant platform for the Islamization of laws within the nation. Since its establishment in 1980, the esteemed court has provided Sharia and legal guidance to the people of Pakistan across numerous legislative domains. The court has consistently received petitions challenging various laws as being repugnant to Islamic injunctions. Among these petitions was one filed against the Ministry of Housing and Works. This particular application challenged sub-paragraph (xiv) of the Office Memorandum No. F.2 (3)/03 dated July 31, 2004, issued by the Ministry concerning government-provided housing and house rent allowance for civil servants. The petitioner argued that this provision contravened Islamic principles by stipulating that only one spouse, in a married couple both employed by the government and residing in the same location, would be entitled to official accommodation, while the other spouse would be denied house rent allowance, thus violating the Islamic principle of equality. The Honorable Court, aligning with the petitioner's plea, declared the aforementioned legal provision to be in conflict with the principles of equality and justice as enshrined in Islamic Sharia. This article presents an analysis of the decision issued by the esteemed court in this specific case.

اسلامی وراثتی قوانین اورمصنوعی ذہانت : ایک تجزیاتی مطالعہ

Muhammad Zubair Abbasi — 2025-12-02

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into legal and social frameworks presents both opportunities and challenges, particularly within the context of Islamic inheritance laws (Mirath). This study provides an analytical exploration of how AI can be utilized to systematize, calculate, and implement Islamic inheritance shares in accordance with Shariah principles. Drawing upon classical fiqh sources, contemporary jurisprudential interpretations, and advances in AI algorithms, the research examines the potential of intelligent systems to enhance accuracy, reduce human error, and streamline inheritance distribution. The study also critically assesses the limitations of AI applications, including ethical concerns, algorithmic bias, and the necessity of human oversight to ensure compliance with Shariah objectives (Maqasid al-Shariah). By bridging traditional Islamic legal norms with modern technological tools, this analysis offers insights into the prospects and constraints of employing AI in the administration of inheritance, emphasizing the importance of harmonizing legal fidelity with computational efficiency.

اسلام اور یہودیت میں ارض مقدس کی حیثیت: مسئلہ فلسطین کے تناظر میں ایک تحقیقی وتاریخی مطالعہ

Najmuddin Kokab Hashmi — 2025-12-02

This study explores the religious‑theological and historical grounds through which the land of Palestine — most notably Jerusalem and its sacred precincts — attains sanctity in both the Islamic and Judaic traditions. In Islamic discourse, Palestine is celebrated as a “blessed and sacred land,” deeply tied to prophetic history: it is identified as the land of many prophets (e.g. Ibrāhīm, Mūsā, ʿĪsā, among others) and consecrated by the presence of Al-Aqsa Mosque and Dome of the Rock — the site from which the Night Journey (Isrāʾ and Miʿrāj) of Muhammad is believed to have begun.From the Judaic perspective, the same geography is viewed as the divinely promised heritage for the descendants of Abraham: the “Promised Land.” The Hebrew Bible and related sacred texts ascribe to it a covenantal, historical, and messianic significance, with Jerusalem — and sites such as the location of the ancient temples and the western retaining wall (the Western Wall) — forming the axis of Jewish spiritual and national identity. The analysis demonstrates that understanding the Palestinian conflict only through legal, political or territorial frameworks neglects the central role of sacred‑land theology and history. Genuine discourse on reconciliation, justice, and lasting peace requires acknowledging and engaging with the multilayered religious‑historical dimensions of the dispute.