VOLUNTEERISM IN ADULT EDUCATION IN RURAL AREAS OF PAKISTAN
Abstract
Adult education is a practice in which adults engage in systematic and sustained self educating activities in order to gain new forms of knowledge, skills, attitudes, or values. It can mean any form of learning adults engage in beyond traditional schooling, encompassing basic literacy to personal fulfillment as a lifelong learner. The learning happens in many ways and in many contexts just as all adults' lives differ. Adult learning can be in any of the three contexts, i.e. formal structured learning that typically takes place in an education or training institution, usually with a set curriculum and carries credentials. Non-formal learning that is organized by educational institutions but non credential. Informal education, learning that goes on all the time, resulting from daily life activities related to work, family, community or leisure. Volunteering is the practice of people working on behalf of others or a particular cause without payment for their time and services. The purpose of this study was to examine the concept of volunteerism in adult education in rural areas of Pakistan. This study was undertaken by reviewing the literature in the field of volunteerism in adult education in rural areas of Pakistan. Data were collected from the internet, books and through interviews.
References
Ahmad, M. & Zubair, T. (2009). Guidance for Literacy Staff; Lahore: Department of Literacy &NFBE:Government of the Punjab.
Fenwick, Tara J.; Nesbit, Tom; Spencer, Bruce (2006). Contexts of adult education: Canadian Perspectives. Toronto: Thompson Educational Publ. p. 17. ISBN 9781550771602.
Fischer, L.R. & Schaffer, K.B. (1993). Older Volunteers; Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Government of Pakistan (2009). National Education Policy 2009; Islamabad: Ministry of Education.
Haleem, M. A. (2008). The Qur'an: a new translation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Knowles, M.S. (1970). The modern practice of adult education; Andragogy versus pedagogy. New York: Association Press.
Knowles, M.S., Holton, E. F., & Swanson, R. A. (1998). The adult learner: The definitive classic in adult education and human resource development (5th ed.). Houston, TX: Gulf.
Knowles, M. S., Holton, E. F, & Swanson, R. A (2005). The Adult Learner (5th Ed.). Burlington, MA: Elsevier.
Knowles, M. (1990). The Adult Learner. A Neglected Species (4the Ed.). Houston: Gulf Publishing Co.
Merriam, S. & Brockett, R. (1997). The Profession and Practice of Adult Education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, p.7.
Merriam, Sharan.B., Caffarella, R.S. & Baumgartner, L.M. (2007). Learning in Adulthood: A Comprehensive Guide (3rd Ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Merriam, Sharan, B. & Brockett, Ralph, G. (2007). The Profession and Practice of Adult Education: An Introduction. Jossey-Bass, p. 7
Rashid, M. (1998); Study Guide on Non-Formal Education, Course Guide 844: Islamabad: AIOU.
Rahat, N. (2004); A Qualitative Analysis; Islamabad: Quaid-i-Azam University.
Seetharemu, AS. & Usha, D.M. (2004). Adult Education; New Delhi: Ashish Publishing House.
Spencer, Bruce (2006). The purposes of adult education: a short introduction (2nd Ed.). Toronto: Thompson Educational Pub. pp. 9–10. ISBN 9781550771619.
UNESCO (2006); Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2006; Literacy for Life.
© By Department of Education (Directorate of Distance Education) International Islamic University Islamabad. IJDEEL by International Islamic University Islamabad is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Based on a work at www.iiu.edu.pk. All articles published by IJDEEL are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial 4.0 International License . This permits anyone to copy, redistribute, transmit and adapt the work provided the original work and source is appropriately cited as specified by the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.